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Therapeutic & Molecular Ontology

Drug, Gene & Biomarker Index

Navigate peer-reviewed breakthroughs by pharmacological class, genetic target, circulating biomarker, or diagnostic modality. Select any clinical entity to inspect all linked studies.

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Indexed Entities (24)

Drug / Therapy12 Peer-Reviewed Briefings

Monoclonal Antibodies & Biologics

Targeted humanized monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Active Specialties:OncologyImmunologyInfectious DiseasePulmonologyNephrology
ONCOLOGY · PHASE I/II

Zamtocabtagene autoleucel, a tandem CD20-CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy, for second line treatment of large B-cell lymphoma in patients ineligible for transplantation (DALY 2-EU): primary analysis of an open-label, multicentre, randomised phase 2 study

The risk-benefit ratio observed in the DALY 2-EU study supports consideration of zamto-cel as a second-line standard treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma who are ineligible for transplantation. However, there is no evidence from randomised controlled trials in patients ineligible for transplantation.

5/5 Gold Standard
Evidence Meter · 5/5

Gold-Standard Human Evidence

Backed by randomized controlled human trials or a formal meta-analysis pooling multiple clinical studies.

1 min readThe Lancet Oncology
ONCOLOGY · REAL-WORLD COHORT

Normalized membrane ratio of TROP2 as a predictor of clinical outcomes with datopotamab deruxtecan in non-small-cell lung cancer

Progression-free survival was longer in Dato-DXd-treated (median 7.2 versus 4.0 months; hazard ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.64) but not docetaxel-treated (median 4.1 versus 4.4 months; hazard ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.59-1.49) patients with TROP2 NMR-positive versus TROP2 NMR-negative samples (treatment by biomarker status interaction P = 0.0098), indicating that TROP2 NMR may be a predictive biomarker (measurable biological signal) for Dato-DXd. The TROP2 NMR cut-point was optimized and validated in patients with nonsquamous NSCLC without actionable genomic alterations (primary intended-use population, n = 221) in the biomarker-evaluable population (n = 352) of the TROPION-Lung01 trial.

3/5 Observational
Evidence Meter · 3/5

Real-World Observation

Finds meaningful patterns in human health records or cohorts, though observational data cannot prove direct cause.

1 min readNature Medicine
IMMUNOLOGY · PRECLINICAL

T cell cross-priming by PD-L1 + type 1 conventional dendritic cells mediates the antitumor efficacy of a PD-L1×4-1BB bispecific antibody

Thus, cDC1-T cell interactions are central to PD-L1×4-1BB activity, with antigen cross-presentation, dendritic-cell licensing, and IL-12 and 4-1BB costimulation converging to promote antitumor immunity. Treated tumors exhibited increased infiltration and spatial proximity of cDC1s and activated CD8 + T cells.

2/5 Preclinical
Evidence Meter · 2/5

Animal & Preclinical Data

Demonstrated in living animal models before large-scale human safety and dosing trials begin.

1 min readImmunity
INFECTIOUS DISEASE · PRECLINICAL

Combination antiviral treatment for a patient with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus meningoencephalitis associated with bispecific antibody teclistamab therapy for myeloma

Finally, the case provides preliminary evidence supporting combination antiviral therapy in persistent LCMV infection. Molnupiravir was later substituted for favipiravir, and favipiravir dosing was guided by serum and CSF therapeutic drug monitoring.

2/5 Preclinical
Evidence Meter · 2/5

Animal & Preclinical Data

Demonstrated in living animal models before large-scale human safety and dosing trials begin.

1 min readThe Lancet Infectious Diseases
ONCOLOGY · PHASE I/II

Activity and safety of first-line pumitamig plus nab-paclitaxel in triple-negative breast cancer: a single-arm, phase 1b/2 trial

Treatment with first-line pumitamig plus nab-paclitaxel showed encouraging antitumour activity in patients with advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and a safety profile consistent with the mode of actions of both agents. These findings warrant further clinical evaluation in global Phase 2 and 3 trials.

4/5 Strong Trial
Evidence Meter · 4/5

Strong Clinical Evidence

Tested directly in patients through a prospective clinical trial or large multicenter human cohort.

1 min readThe Lancet Oncology
ONCOLOGY · REAL-WORLD COHORT

Evolving First-Line Treatment Strategies in ERBB2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Review

The management of ERBB2-positive metastatic breast cancer is transitioning toward a more individualized approach that balances efficacy (real-world effectiveness in the trial), toxic effects, and patient preferences. Integrating biomarker (measurable biological signal)-driven strategies will be essential to optimize treatment selection, duration, and sequencing, with the goal of improving long-term outcomes while preserving quality of life.

3/5 Observational
Evidence Meter · 3/5

Real-World Observation

Finds meaningful patterns in human health records or cohorts, though observational data cannot prove direct cause.

1 min readJAMA Oncology
IMMUNOLOGY · PHASE I/II

Neoadjuvant botensilimab with or without balstilimab in pMMR and dMMR colon cancer: the phase 2 UNICORN trial

Preoperative BOT + BAL elicits pathological responses in patients with pMMR or dMMR CC, supporting the combination as a promising strategy to expand ICI benefits to the early-stage setting. . Eight (29%) and 15 (54%) patients treated with BOT and BOT + BAL, respectively, experienced immune-related side effects, most commonly flu-like syndrome and diarrhea.

4/5 Strong Trial
Evidence Meter · 4/5

Strong Clinical Evidence

Tested directly in patients through a prospective clinical trial or large multicenter human cohort.

1 min readNature Medicine
PULMONOLOGY · RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Dupilumab is associated with improved lung functions in patients with COPD and type 2 inflammation: a post hoc analysis of the BOREAS and NOTUS trials

Dupilumab treatment resulted in early and sustained improvements across multiple spirometric lung function parameters in patients with COPD and type 2 inflammation. To perform in-depth analyses of the efficacy (real-world effectiveness in the trial) of dupilumab on lung function parameters in patients with COPD and type 2 inflammation.

5/5 Gold Standard
Evidence Meter · 5/5

Gold-Standard Human Evidence

Backed by randomized controlled human trials or a formal meta-analysis pooling multiple clinical studies.

1 min readAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
ONCOLOGY · CLINICAL PRACTICE

New ADC Approaches Aim to Broaden Target Coverage

As well, two bispecific ADCs, respectively targeting EGFR-c-MET and EGFR-B7-H3, appear active against multiple solid tumor types. The antibody-drug conjugate field is increasingly looking to go after more than one target at a time.

3/5 Observational
Evidence Meter · 3/5

Real-World Observation

Finds meaningful patterns in human health records or cohorts, though observational data cannot prove direct cause.

1 min readCancer Discovery
NEPHROLOGY · REAL-WORLD COHORT

Post-exposure prophylaxis with a monoclonal antibody cocktail after Bundibugyo ebolavirus exposure in adults and children

Together, these findings support prospective evaluation of MBP134 as PEP for high-risk adult and pediatric contacts during BDBV outbreaks. Plasma Orthoebolavirus-reactive antibodies were detected after infusion, persisted throughout follow-up and mediated broad neutralizing activity against multiple Orthoebolavirus species, including authentic BDBV.

3/5 Observational
Evidence Meter · 3/5

Real-World Observation

Finds meaningful patterns in human health records or cohorts, though observational data cannot prove direct cause.

1 min readNature Medicine
ONCOLOGY · PHASE I/II

Rilvegostomig Plus Trastuzumab-Deruxtecan for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: The I-SPY2.2 Randomized Clinical Trial

This randomized clinical trial found that treatment with RT-DXd demonstrated promising activity, with mostly low-grade toxic effects in immune-positive, ERBB2-negative EBC. Unlike immune-negative patients, many immune-positive patients who experienced pCR avoided standard chemotherapy, including anthracyclines, supporting further evaluation in biomarker (measurable biological signal)-selected populations.

5/5 Gold Standard
Evidence Meter · 5/5

Gold-Standard Human Evidence

Backed by randomized controlled human trials or a formal meta-analysis pooling multiple clinical studies.

1 min readJAMA Oncology
INFECTIOUS DISEASE · PHASE I/II

Translational and phase I evaluation of AZD0292, a novel, half-life extended anti-Pseudomonal Psl-PcrV bispecific monoclonal antibody

These results support further clinical development of AZD0292 for reduction of exacerbations in BE with chronic P. aeruginosa colonization, with pharmacokinetics requiring confirmation in the target patient population. Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway colonization in bronchiectasis (BE) is associated with frequent exacerbations.

5/5 Gold Standard
Evidence Meter · 5/5

Gold-Standard Human Evidence

Backed by randomized controlled human trials or a formal meta-analysis pooling multiple clinical studies.

1 min readThe Journal of Infectious Diseases

Patient & Student Companion

Everyday Lab & Drug Translator

Instant plain-English guides for common blood tests and prescriptions—what normal ranges mean, what high/low values signal, and what to ask your clinician.

Lab Marker3-Month Blood Sugar

HbA1c

Measures the percentage of red blood cell hemoglobin coated with glucose over roughly 90 days.

Normal: below 5.7% · Prediabetes: 5.7%–6.4%

6.5% or higher on two tests diagnoses diabetes; very low values can occur alongside hypoglycemia or hemolytic anemia.

Ask your doctor: “Does my HbA1c match my daily fasting/post-meal glucose trends?”

Lab MarkerArtery Plaque Carrier

LDL Cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein particles that carry cholesterol into blood vessel walls when circulating in excess.

General optimal: < 100 mg/dL (< 70 or < 55 mg/dL in high-risk hearts)

Sustained elevated LDL accelerates arterial plaque buildup; alongside ApoB, lowering LDL consistently cuts heart attack risk.

Ask your doctor: “Should we also check ApoB or Lipoprotein(a) to gauge my true plaque risk?”

Lab MarkerBone & Immune Hormone

Vitamin D (25-OH)

Blood storage marker reflecting sun-made and dietary vitamin D essential for calcium absorption and bone remodeling.

Sufficient: 20–50 ng/mL (50–125 nmol/L)

Levels under 12–20 ng/mL risk bone softening and secondary hyperparathyroidism; mega-dosing rarely beats correcting true deficiency.

Ask your doctor: “Do my labs actually show deficiency, or is a standard maintenance dose enough?”

Lab MarkerThyroid Thermostat

TSH

Pituitary hormone that signals your thyroid gland to speed up or slow down metabolism.

Typical adult range: ~0.4–4.5 mIU/L

Paradoxically, HIGH TSH usually signals an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), while LOW TSH points toward an overactive thyroid.

Ask your doctor: “If my TSH is borderline, should we re-test Free T4 before adjusting anything?”

Lab MarkerKidney Filter Rate

eGFR

Estimated glomerular filtration rate—how many milliliters of blood your kidneys filter every minute.

Healthy adult filter rate: 90+ mL/min/1.73m²

Values persistently below 60 for 3+ months (or elevated urine albumin) mark chronic kidney disease; single dips can simply reflect dehydration or NSAID use.

Ask your doctor: “Should we pair eGFR with a urine albumin-to-creatinine test (uACR)?”

Lab MarkerInflammation Signal

hs-CRP

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein released by the liver in response to infection, tissue stress, or vascular inflammation.

Low cardiovascular risk: < 1.0 mg/L · Elevated: > 3.0 mg/L

Mild chronic elevations flag vascular inflammation; readings above 10 mg/L usually reflect an acute cold, injury, or autoimmune flare.

Ask your doctor: “Was my CRP elevated because of a recent infection, or is it worth repeating when healthy?”

MedicationIncretin Agonists

GLP-1s

Medications (e.g., semaglutide, tirzepatide) mimicking gut satiety hormones to lower blood sugar, slow stomach emptying, and quiet brain appetite signals.

Major RCTs show 12%–22% average weight loss & 20% fewer CV events in high-risk adults

Common early effects include nausea or reflux; maintaining protein intake and resistance exercise helps preserve lean muscle mass.

Ask your doctor: “If I start a GLP-1, how do we protect lean muscle and plan long-term dosing?”

MedicationHMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Statins

First-line daily medications that curb liver cholesterol synthesis and boost LDL plaque particle clearance.

Lowers LDL 30%–55% depending on dose intensity

Decades of randomized trials confirm durable reductions in heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death; true severe muscle injury is rare.

Ask your doctor: “What is my 10-year cardiovascular risk score, and what LDL target fits me?”

MedicationFirst-Line Metabolic Therapy

Metformin

Oldest, safest first-line type 2 diabetes drug that reduces excess liver glucose output and improves insulin sensitivity.

Lowers HbA1c by ~1.0%–1.5% without causing low blood sugar alone

Extended-release tablets cut stomach upset dramatically; long-term users should periodically monitor Vitamin B12 and kidney function (eGFR).

Ask your doctor: “Should we check my Vitamin B12 level if I have been on metformin for several years?”

MedicationSerotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

SSRIs

Medications that increase synaptic serotonin availability over 2–6 weeks to treat major depression, OCD, and anxiety disorders.

Full clinical response typically emerges at weeks 4–8

Stopping abruptly can trigger temporary brain-zap withdrawal symptoms; tapering slowly with a clinician avoids discontinuation discomfort.

Ask your doctor: “How long should we evaluate a dose before deciding whether to adjust or combine with CBT?”

SupplementCofactor Mineral

Magnesium

Essential mineral powering 300+ enzymes across nerve firing, muscle relaxation, blood pressure, and ATP energy metabolism.

Adult daily target: 310–420 mg/day from food + supplements

Standard blood serum tests miss mild tissue depletion; glycinate/citrate absorb better than oxide, while high supplemental doses can loosen stools.

Ask your doctor: “Are any of my prescription medicines lowering my magnesium stores?”